Neonatal Feeding
risk factors associated with infant feeding
potential medical components related to infant feeding
key elements of current research evidence related to best practices in assessment/treatment of infant feeding/swallowing
Pharyngeal swallow one of first motor responses in pharynx ▪ Observed in 10th-11th week of fetal life ▪ True suckling present around 18th-24th week ▪ By 34th week most healthy fetuses can suckle and swallow well enough to sustain nutritional needs
Suckling ▪ Defined backward and forward movements of tongue ▪ Liquid drawn into mouth through rhythmic licking action of tongue and opening/closing of jaw ▪ Lips loosely approximation ▪ Tongue does not protrude past border of lips ▪ Normal in early infancy (>6 months)
Sucking ▪ Develops around 6 months ▪ Body of tongue raises and lowers with strong activity of intrinsic muscles with an up-down tongue movement pattern ▪ Firmer approximation of lips ▪ Normal in later infancy, childhood, and adult
Rooting ▪ Occurs when tactile stimulation occurs to side of lips or cheek ▪ Infant will turn head laterally to stimuli and open mouth ▪ Emerges in utero around 32 weeks gestational age and continues until approximately 4 months
Tongue Protrusion ▪ Protrusion of tongue in response to tactile stimulation of anterior part of tongue ▪ Serves to protect airway by pushing bolus out of oral cavity and assists with latching to nipple ▪ Emerges in utero and continues until approximately 6 months of age
corelates with spoon feeding at 6 months of age
Oral Phase of Swallowing
Elevation of the tongue
Posterior sweeping/strip ping action to propel bolus
Bolus passes anterior tonsillar pillars into the pharynx
Triggers pharyngeal swallow reflex
Pharyngeal Phase of Swallowing Bolus enters pharynx Bolus stripped inferiorly by gravity, negative pressure, and pharyngeal peristalsis Soft palate contacts posterior pharyngeal wall to close off nasopharyngeal cavity Bolus divides around epiglottis then reforms cohesive bolus Bolus passes through cricopharyngeus muscle (upper esophageal sphincter)
Infant Swallowing
▪ Oral Preparatory/Oral Transit ▪ Collection of material in oral cavity/valleculae ▪ Valleculae not positioned in pharynx as adult ▪
Pharyngeal Phase ▪ More frequent swallows, greater speed than adult ▪ Less hyolaryngeal elevation and excursion required to protect airway due to position ▪ Coordination: suck-swallow-breathe 1:1:1 ▪ Increases accuracy with development, experience ▪ Increases 3:1:1 as they grow
Feeding Difficulties & Prematurity
Maturation
Severity of illness
Enternal tolerance
Physiologic stability
Behavioral state organization
Hunger cues
SSB coordination
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